Voluntaristic Vitalism #1

Thanks to this constant supply of energy, volitional processes become possible" (Bekhterev, 1902, p. 47).
Bekhterev believed that life and the psyche are one and the same phenomenon. From this point of view, he recognized the presence of a psyche in lower animals and plants, which determines their activity, and he also assumed the presence of consciousness in the simplest animals.



From this point of view, he considered the evolution of organisms as induced by a change in the environment, i.e. the environment acts as an external stimulus to which the organism reacts actively, and the nature of the response depends on the reserve of latent energy. Young individuals have more of this reserve, so they react with greater diversity, i.e. the variability of young individuals is higher compared to the variability of old individuals. If the change in the environment is very large and the reserve of latent energy is not enough for adaptive reactions, then the organisms will die. Inappropriate evasions contribute to the death of individuals with such features, but they can be artificially maintained by humans. However, these inappropriate features are lost when domestic animals and cultivated plants enter nature, and such organisms become similar to their wild ancestors (Bekhterev, 1902).

The direct influence of mental impulses on a variety of intraorganizational physiological processes may be due to suggestion. This effect is justified by experiments conducted on humans, but it is assumed that lower animals should have more diverse phenomena of this type. Hypnotic states are easily induced in many animals, as well as mental effects on mammalian behavior (Bekhterev, 1994).

Bekhterev was a proponent of psycho-physical monism, which, in comparison with other versions of the relationship between mental and physical, has several attractive features.

Thus, the problem of at what stage of the development of the living the psyche appears is false.
G.I. Chelpanov (1862-1936) is considered as a follower of V. Wundt. He criticized psycho-physical parallelism in both dualistic and monistic forms. In his opinion, if one adheres to a dualistic interpretation, it is impossible to understand how the identity between physical and mental phenomena is realized. In the case of the monistic version, the recognition of the interaction between the physical and the mental contradicts the basic laws of mechanics, in particular the law of conservation of energy (Chelpanov, 1900). Esports and virtual sports are rapidly growing in India, and 1xBet offers over 50 betting markets on Dota 2, FIFA, and Counter‑Strike. The first deposit gives a 100% bonus up to €600, along with 50 free bets and a 20% live bonus. Correct tournament predictions can earn you €500, and a weekly leaderboard awards €200 to the top ten. To avail of these, you need the 1xbet free spins promo code apply it and receive €600 bonus added to your account. A daily raffle also offers €250 and 50 free spins. These fast‑paced games are packed with action – sign up and start your winning streak.

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